International Conference on Cancer Diagnosis & Treatment August 2-3 2018 Oslo, Norway

Cancer Epidemiology is the branch of Epidemiology concerned with the disease cancer. Cancer Epidemiology is the study of Cancer causes, distribution, prevention and control. The factor that causes Cancer are tobacco, obesity, ultraviolet radiation, diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexual transmission of Human papillomavirus and other lifestyle and environmental factors.

A Biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue or sample of cell from the body for examination under a microscope by a pathologist and can also be analyzed chemically. Other test like imaging are helpful in detecting area of abnormality, they can’t differentiate between Cancer cell and normal cell, only Biopsy perform definitive diagnosis of Cancer. The procedure of removing entire organ is called as excisional Biopsy and procedure of removing portion of abnormal tissue without attempting to remove the entire lesion or tissue is called as incisional Biopsy or core Biopsy. In some Biopsies, tumor samples are removed though a thin needle or through an endoscope. When the Cancer is diagnosed, a variety of  Biopsy technique can be applied.

Biomarkers are the molecules that has application in Cancer research, screening, Diagnosis, Prognosis, treatment, and monitoring of progression of disease. A Cancer Biomarkers are molecule that indicates the presence of Cancer in the body. Proteomic, glycomic, genetic, Epigenetic and imaging biomarkers can be used for Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. The Cancer Biomarkers play role in evolution, analytic and clinical validation and assessment of clinical utility.

Cancer Screening is used to detect the cancer in the early stage before symptoms appears and provide medical treatment. Screening for Cancer can leads to early detection and Cancer prevention. Early diagnosis of Cancer leads to higher rate of effective treatment and extended life and it may also leads to falsely appear to increase the time to death through lead time bias. The Screening involves blood tests, urine test, radiological imaging and other tests. The test taken for cancer should be effective, safe, accurate, well-tolerated with acceptably low rates of false positive and false negative results.

Cancer Diagnostics Imaging plays an important role in early detection of Cancer, Treatment planning, and Palliative therapies through advanced technique. Due to advance in Radiology technology the CT, PET produce detailed images of any part of the body and provide information for improved staging and therapy planning. Cancer imaging may also be used when performing Biopsies and other surgical procedures.

Research in the early Detection and prevention of Cancer is entering a new generation Technology. Depends upon the Cancer proliferation, progress, and location the powerful new technologies approaching in Cancer prevention, Screening and Treatment methods. The Technology is used to reduce the false negative rates. The computer programs have been developed and approved for use in radiologist in Detection of abnormalities.

Surgical Oncology is the branch of Surgery that deals with Cancer management. The Surgery in Oncology plays an important role in the management of early Detection of the Cancer as well as Cancer in combination with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy. The goal of Surgical Oncology is to remove Cancer cell, tissue or organ in order to prevent the Cancer from recurring in that area. Depending upon the stage and location of the Cancer and the fitness of the patient, different types of Cancer surgeries are performed.

The Nanoparticles or Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment offers destruction, detection, and elimination of the cancer cells with minimal damage to the healthy tissue present near. Nanoparticles are injected directly into the cancer cells and can destroy the proliferation of the Cancer cell present inside. Nanoparticle plays significant role in drug delivery to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment methods.

Radiation therapy uses high energy particle or radiation or waves such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, protons to destroy or shrink Cancer cell. When compared to normal cell,  the Cancer cells grow and divide faster, radiation works by making small breaks in the DNA inside the cells. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged by radiation stops dividing or die.  The normal cell present nearby Cancer cells can also be affected by radiation, leading to side effects. Radiation therapy may be use alone or in combination with surgery Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy. The radiation can be given in 3 ways depending upon the type of Cancer and location. Types of radiation are external radiation, internal radiation, systemic radiation and others.

Chemotherapy is a type of Cancer Treatment that uses drugs or combination of medication to kill detected Cancer cells. Chemotherapy works by destroying or slowing the growth of the Cancer cells. Goal of Chemotherapy is to treat, cure and ease Cancer symptoms. Chemo medication affect rapidly growing Cancer cells and healthy normal cells. Chemotherapy is used with other Cancer treatments to reduce a size of the tumor smaller before surgery or Radiation therapy, destroy Cancer cells that is remain after treatment with surgery or Radiation therapy, kill the Cancer cells that spread to other parts of your body. 

Targeted Cancer therapies are drugs or medication that prevent the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with molecular target that are involved. Targeted therapies also called as Molecularly targeted cancer therapies, Molecularly targeted drugs. Chemotherapy and Targeted therapies differs in several ways: the Targeted therapies act on the specific Molecular target and block tumor cell proliferation whereas Chemotherapy acts on rapidly dividing normal and Cancer cell and kill cell. Molecular targeted therapies are currently focusing on anticancer drug development and they are the cornerstone of precision Medicine to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases.

Precision medicine or personalized medicine is an approach to individual care for selecting treatment that are helpful to the patients based on a genetic understanding of their disease. Depending upon the type of cancer, its size and proliferation, combination of Treatment surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy and Immunotherapy may vary. But in precision medicine, information about genetic changes in the tumor can be helping to decide the Treatment.

Immunotherapy is a Cancer Treatment that uses immune system to fight against the diseases like cancer. Immunotherapy can be done by stimulating own immune system to attack Cancer cells and giving immune system components like man-made immune system protein. So Immunotherapy sometimes called as Biologic therapy or Biotherapy. Cancer cells have the ability to hide from the immune system, so Immunotherapies can target the Cancer cells or boost immune system, so it is easier for the immune system to destroy them.

Cell Therapy or Cytotherapy in which administration of living cell in individual for the treatment of a disease. Cell therapy is a technology that relies on replacing diseased cells with healthy ones. The cells can be taken from same individual or another individual, stem cells such as bone marrow or induced pluripotent stem cells, skin fibroblasts or adipocytes. Some form of Cell Therapy are Whole blood transfusions, packed red cell transfusions, platelet transfusions, bone marrow transplants, and organ transplants.

Gene therapy is the Therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient’s cells as a drug to modify the expression of an individual genes or repair abnormal genes. Gene therapy uses DNA that encodes a therapeutic, functional gene to replace a mutated gene. The polymer molecule is packaged within a vector and it act as a special carrier.

Circulating Tumor Cell are the cells that are shed into the lymphatic or vasculature stream from a tumor and remain loose in circulation, cluster together as they travel or lodge themselves in new tissues. The detection of Circulating tumor cell has important Diagnostic and Therapeutic implication since their number can be very small and cells are not easily detected.

Cancer control is designed to decrease the Cancer cases, death and cause in the behavioral, social, population sciences to create intervention, research in the biomedical instrumentation, morbidity, and mortality to improve the quality of life.

Palliative care is a special approach for specialized medical and nursing care for individual with life-limiting or bed ridden illness. Palliative care is also called as comfort care, supportive care and system management to prevent or treat diseases. Different types of Palliative care are given to the patient depending upon the emotional issues of Cancer and by addressing the side effects.

Transplantation is a procedure in which disease organs or parts from the body are replaced with the donor organ or parts. In Cancer transplantation therapies uses Chemo, Radiation therapy, in order to kill all the Cancer cells. This treatment also kills the stem cell and hematopoietic stem cell which are present in the bone marrow, so Stem cell transplants and hematopoietic stem cell Transplantation is done to restore the blood- forming stem cells in the body. 

The role of Biobanks in biological research is important for research funders and for planning health research infrastructure. Bio sample Repository enables Cancer researchers to investigate the mechanistic basis of human Cancers, to identify new therapeutic targets, and to assess novel biomarkers of disease incidence and progression. The high quality human bio specimens are used in Cancer research to identify, understand and differentiate between the molecular and cellular behavior of the Cancer cell with the normal cell.

Cancer Epigenetics is the study of Epigenetic modification of the genome of Cancer cell that do not change the DNA sequence. Epigenetics alteration are important for prevention, detection and treatment of cancer. There are two primary Epigenetic mechanism -DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones. The specific Epigenetic profiles as tool to diagnose individuals type of cancer are more specific and accurate. Different Epigenetic profile is used to determine the stage of development of a Cancer in a patient.

Cancer vaccines stimulate the immune system’s ability to protect the body against the infectious agents that may cause disease. Cancer vaccine are also known as biological response modifiers. There are two types of cancer vaccine: Preventive vaccine and treatment vaccine. The Preventive vaccine is used to stop the growth of the Cancer cell and treatment vaccine are used to treat the existing cancer by natural immune system to fight against the cancer.